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Wodorotlenek Sodu — CAS 1310-73-2 — HNaO — odczynnik chemiczny
Wodorotlenek Sodu — CAS 1310-73-2 — HNaO — odczynnik chemiczny
Wodorotlenek Sodu — CAS 1310-73-2 — HNaO — odczynnik chemiczny

Wodorotlenek sodu 1 kg – do czyszczenia rur i zastosowań technicznych

Pierwotna cena wynosiła: 20,99 zł.Aktualna cena wynosi: 17,99 zł.

Wodorotlenek sodu (NaOH) w formie granulowanej, 1 kg. Mocny środek do rozkładania tłuszczów i zatyczek w rurach. Stosowany w warunkach domowych i laboratoryjnych.

• Darmowa dostawa od 199 zł
• Zwrot do 14 dni bez podania przyczyny
• Bezpieczne płatności — Twoje dane są chronione
• Wysyłka w ciągu 24h w dni robocze
SKU: wodorotlenek-sodu-1--ef3fed Kategoria: Znaczników: , , , , , , , ,
Ładowanie molekuły...
Model 3D Wodorotlenek sodu, CAS 1310-73-2, wzór sumaryczny HNaO, masa molowa 40.00 g/mol
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Quick Reference

Formula: —
MW: — g/mol
CAS: 1310-73-2

Detailed Properties

Property Value Unit Conditions Source
Density (ρ) 2.1300 g/cm³ 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Melting Point (mp) 318.40 °C 1 atm CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Boiling Point (bp) 1388.00 °C 1 atm CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
Water Solubility soluble (≥999) g/L 20°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
pKa 14.000 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024)
🔬 Advanced Properties
Heat Capacity (Cp) 1.490 J/(g·K) 25°C

Chemical Identifiers

Data sources: PubChem, NIST Chemistry WebBook, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (103rd ed.)

Last updated: 2026-06-12

📊 Confidence: 85% ACCEPTABLEAcceptable — z disclaimerem
Dane potwierdzone w 1-2 źródłach lub z minimalną rozbieżnością. Cytuj z weryfikacją podstawowego źródła.

Źródła (1):
  • ✓ MOL-GOD PhysChem DB (CRC 105th ed. / NIST WebBook 2024)

Pole: properties_master
Last verified: 2026-06-12
Chemical Overview: Wodorotlenek sodu

Wodorotlenek sodu CAS 1310-73-2

Wzór sumarycznyHNaO
Masa cząsteczkowa40.00 g/mol
Gęstość2.1300 g/cm³ @ 25°C g/cm³
SMILES[Na+].[OH-]

Źródło danych: PubChem (NLM/NIH)

Brak ograniczen regulacyjnych (SVHC/REACH/CLP) dla tego numeru CAS.
🧮 Kalkulator stechiometryczny
🧪 Dane chemiczne
Numer CAS
1310-73-2
Wzór sumaryczny
HNaO
Masa molowa
40.00 g/mol
SMILES
[Na+].[OH-]
📚 Literatura naukowa (20 artykułów)
Bjoern Menze, András Jakab, Stefan Bauer et al. · (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
🔓
Ahmedin Jemal, Freddie Bray, Jacques Ferlay et al. · (2011) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
Qiong Wang, George M. Garrity, James M. Tiedje et al. · (2007) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology
🔓
N. Aghanim, Y. Akrami, M. Ashdown et al. · (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics
🔓
Rebecca L. Siegel, Kimberly D. Miller, Nikita Sandeep Wagle et al. · (2023) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
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📡 Źródła danych

Dane prezentowane w tym widgecie pochodzą z następujących zweryfikowanych źródeł naukowych:

  • PubChem — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/NIH), USA
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Dane są buforowane lokalnie dla szybkości — widget działa także offline.

⚗️ Właściwości fizykochemiczne
Gęstość
2.1300 g/cm³ @ 25°C

Źródło: PubChem, NIST WebBook. Ostatnia aktualizacja: 2026-06-12

🔍 Identyfikatory zewnętrzne
15 z 16 systemów ID94%
BazaIdentyfikatorAkcje
CAS Registry Number1310-73-2Otwórz →
PubChem CID14798Otwórz →
InChIKeyHEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-MOtwórz →
InChIInChI=1S/Na.H2O/h;1H2/q+1;/p-1
SMILES[Na+].[OH-]
EC Number215-185-5Otwórz →
ChEMBLCHEMBL2105794Otwórz →
DrugBankDB11151Otwórz →
KEGG CompoundC12569Otwórz →
HMDBHMDB0303523Otwórz →
ChemSpider14114Otwórz →
MeSH UID (NLM)D012972Otwórz →
UNII (FDA)55X04QC32IOtwórz →
NSC Number (NCI)135799Otwórz →
WikiData QIDQ102769Otwórz →

Źródła: PubChem (NIH), Wikidata SPARQL, KEGG, ChEMBL (EBI), CompTox CTX (EPA).

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (74)

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📐 Physical & Chemical Properties (DB) Partial 30% 9 fields 60% · Wysokie zaufanie
Property Value Unit Conditions Source
Melting point 318.40 [1][6][11] °C 1 atm CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024) (2024)
Boiling point 1388.00 [1][6][11] °C 760 mmHg CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024) (2024)
Water solubility soluble (≥999) [1] g/L 20°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024) (2024)
Density (ρ) 2.1300 [1] g/cm³ 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024) (2024)
pKa₁ 14.000 [1][2][10] — 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024) (2024)
Specific heat (cp) 1.490 [1] J/(g·K) 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024) (2024)
Thermal conductivity (k) 0.4500 [1] W/(m·K) 25°C CRC Handbook 105th ed. (Haynes 2024) (2024)
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date) (22 źródeł)
  1. Haynes, William M., ed. 2024. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 105th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-032-55554-4. ↗
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2024. "NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69." Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  3. Yaws, Carl L. 2014. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. 2nd ed. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing.
  4. Reid, Robert C., John M. Prausnitz, and Bruce E. Poling. 1987. The Properties of Gases and Liquids. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  5. PubChem. 2024. "PubChem Compound Database." National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2025-01-01. ↗
  6. Marrero, J., and R. Gani. 2001. "Group-Contribution Based Estimation of Pure Component Properties." Fluid Phase Equilibria 183–184: 183–208. ↗
  7. Joback, K. G., and R. C. Reid. 1987. "Estimation of Pure-Component Properties from Group-Contributions." Chemical Engineering Communications 57 (1–6): 233–243. ↗
  8. Sangster, J. 1997. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-97397-3.
  9. Mannhold, Raimund, and Han van de Waterbeemd. 2001. "Substructure and Whole Molecule Approaches for Calculating Log P." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 15 (4): 337–354. ↗
  10. Perrin, Ditlev D., Boyd Dempsey, and E. P. Serjeant. 1981. pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-21090-5.
  11. Constantinou, Leonidas, and Rafiqul Gani. 1994. "New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds." AIChE Journal 40 (10): 1697–1710. ↗
  12. Ertl, Peter, Bernhard Rohde, and Paul Selzer. 2000. "Fast Calculation of Molecular Polar Surface Area as a Sum of Fragment-Based Contributions and Its Application to the Prediction of Drug Transport Properties." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43 (20): 3714–3717. ↗
  13. Haynes, William M.. 2016. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 97th ed. CRC Press. ISBN: 9781498754293. ↗
  14. Atkins, Peter W., and Julio de Paula. 2014. Physical Chemistry. 10th ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780198769866. ↗
  15. Housecroft, Catherine E., and Alan G. Sharpe. 2018. Inorganic Chemistry. 5th ed. Pearson Education. ISBN: 9781292134277. ↗
  16. Clayden, Jonathan, Nick Greeves, and Stuart Warren. 2012. Organic Chemistry. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199270293. ↗
  17. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781305577213. ↗
  18. Brown, Theodore L., H. Eugene LeMay, Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward, and Matthew E. Stoltzfus. 2018. Chemistry: The Central Science. 14th ed. Pearson Education. ISBN: 9780134414232. ↗
  19. Greenwood, Norman N., and Alan Earnshaw. 1997. Chemistry of the Elements. 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN: 9780750633659. ↗
  20. Smith, Michael B.. 2013. March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. 7th ed. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN: 9781118057353. ↗
  21. Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A. Zumdahl. 2018. Chemistry. 10th ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781305957404. ↗
  22. Atkins, Peter, Tina Overton, Jonathan Rourke, Mark Weller, Fraser Armstrong, and Michael Hagerman. 2014. Shriver and Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry. 5th ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199641826. ↗

Wartości fizykochemiczne zweryfikowane krzyżowo w niezależnych bazach danych. Rozbieżności <1% uznawane za zgodne.

Brak danych w naszej bazie dla CAS 1310-73-2.

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IR IR (Infrared) — NIST WebBook
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📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
MS (NIST) Mass Spectrum (EI) — NIST WebBook
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📚 NIST Standard Reference Database 1A
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📚 NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69
¹H NMR NMR (¹H, ¹³C) — NMRShiftDB
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📚 Steinbeck C et al. (2003) J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43(1):10–16 DOI: 10.1021/ci025588g
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📚 MassBank of North America (UC Davis) DOI: 10.1002/jms.1777
IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) SDBS — Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (Japan AIST)
Free for non-commercial

Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:

🔗 IR/NMR/MS (SDBS) →
📚 SDBSWeb: https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (AIST, Japan)
JP Monograph Japanese Pharmacopoeia — Monographs
Reference only

Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:

🔗 JP Monograph →
📚 Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Edition (2021)
WHO INN WHO — International Nonproprietary Names
WHO Model Lists (free)

Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:

🔗 WHO INN →
📚 WHO INN Programme
DOAJ DOAJ — Directory of Open Access Journals
OA journal index (mixed)

Źródło referencyjne — brak publicznego API. Otwórz w zewnętrznej bazie:

🔗 DOAJ →
📚 DOAJ — doaj.org

Dane pobierane przez MolGod_Spectra_Remote_Fetcher (JCAMP-DX parser) i zapisywane w tabeli wp_molgod_spectra_cache. Zero duplikatów pobrań, zero zapytań do NIST przy kolejnych otwarciach. Licencje przestrzegane (publikowany tylko deep-link + własna wizualizacja).

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IR — Fourier-transform infrared

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MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)

Loading MS — Mass spectrometry (EI 70eV)…

Wlasciwosci strukturalne

Ladowanie danych strukturalnych...

❓ Najczęstsze pytania (3)
Co to jest Wodorotlenek sodu?
Wodorotlenek sodu (CAS 1310-73-2) to związek chemiczny o wzorze HNaO i masie molowej 40.00 g/mol.
Pomocne?
Jaki jest numer CAS związku Wodorotlenek sodu?
Numer CAS dla Wodorotlenek sodu to 1310-73-2.
Pomocne?
Jaki jest wzór chemiczny Wodorotlenek sodu?
Wzór sumaryczny to HNaO.
Pomocne?
➕ Zaproponuj pytanie
Pobierz pliki struktury

Pliki struktury molekularnej z bazy PubChem (NIH). Kompatybilne z programami: Avogadro, PyMOL, Jmol, ChemDraw.

Zrodlo: PubChem, National Library of Medicine (NIH). CID: 14798

🔄 Konwerter jednostek stężeń LIVE

Wpisz stężenie Wodorotlenek sodu w dowolnej jednostce — reszta obliczy się automatycznie.

MW: 40.00 g/mol · IUPAC Gold Book ↗

⚗️ Wzory konwersji + cytacje (per formuła)
KonwersjaWzórDokładnośćŹródło
% (w/v) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (% × 10) / MW±0.5% rel. when density ≈ 1.0 g/mLIUPAC (2019)
millimolar ↔ molarc (mol/L) = mM × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
molarity (mol/L)c = n/V = (m/MW)/V±0.1% (depends on MW precision)IUPAC (2019)
parts per million (mg/L) ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = ppm / (1000 × MW); equivalently ppm = mg/L for dilute aqueous±1% (density-independent for dilute solutions)IUPAC (2019)
mg/mL ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (mg/mL × 1000) / MW / 1000 = mg/mL / MW × 1±0.2%Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
g/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (g/L) / MW±0.1% (depends on MW precision)Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
mmol/L ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = mmol/L × 10⁻³ExactCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
Celsius ↔ KelvinT(K) = t(°C) + 273.15±0.01 K (ITS-90 scale)BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019)
Celsius ↔ FahrenheitT(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32±0.1 °FThompson A, Taylor BN (2008)
density-corrected % ↔ molarityc (mol/L) = (%w/w × ρ × 10) / MW, ρ in g/mL±0.1% when ρ known to 3 decimalsCohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007)
📚 Bibliografia (8 źródeł autorytatywnych)
  1. Thompson A, Taylor BN (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811 · DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.811-2008
    → Primary SI standard for US scientific usage
  2. Cohen ER, Cvitaš T, Frey JG, Holmström B, Kuchitsu K, Marquardt R, Mills I, Pavese F, Quack M, Stohner J, Strauss HL, Takami M, Thor AJ (2007). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry — The IUPAC Green Book. RSC Publishing, 3rd ed. · DOI: 10.1039/9781847557889 · ISBN: 978-0-85404-433-7
    → Canonical IUPAC guide for chemistry quantities/units
  3. BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), 9th edition. BIPM · ↗
    → International SI definitions (incl. redefined kilogram 2019)
  4. ISO/IEC (2022). Quantities and units — Part 1: General. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-1:2022 · ↗
    → General rules for physical quantities and units
  5. ISO/IEC (2019). Quantities and units — Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics. International Organization for Standardization — ISO 80000-9:2019 · ↗
    → Concentration / molality / amount-of-substance conventions
  6. Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN (2021). CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(2):025010 · DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025010
    → Avogadro, gas constant, molar volume (2019 SI revision)
  7. IUPAC (2019). Compendium of Chemical Terminology — the IUPAC Gold Book (online). IUPAC · DOI: 10.1351/goldbook
    → Definitions of mass fraction, molality, normality, ppm, activity
  8. Mills IM, Cvitaš T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (1988). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1st ed. · ISBN: 0-632-01773-5
    → Historical predecessor of IUPAC Green Book
Podobne struktury molekularne

Ladowanie podobnych struktur...

Wyjasnienia naukowe

Automatycznie wygenerowane wyjasnienia na podstawie wlasciwosci molekularnych i oznaczen GHS. Zrodlo: dane PubChem + klasyfikacja CLP/GHS.

Czasteczka umiarkowanie polarna

LogP = 0.00 wskazuje na rownowage miedzy hydrofilowoscia a lipofilowoscia. Czasteczka moze rozpuszczac sie zarowno w wodzie, jak i w niektorych rozpuszczalnikach organicznych.

Interpretacja na podstawie XLogP3 (PubChem)
Mala czasteczka

Masa molowa 40.00 g/mol klasyfikuje ten zwiazek jako mala czasteczke. Male czasteczki czesto sa lotne, latwiej penetruja bariery biologiczne i moga wykazywac wyzsze cisnienie pary.

Klasyfikacja wg masy molowej
Substancja o duzej gestosci

Gestosc 2.130 g/mL jest znacznie wieksza od wody. Wynika to z duzej masy atomowej skladnikow (np. halogenki, metale ciezkie) lub gesto upakowanej struktury krystalicznej.

Dane fizykochemiczne (PubChem/NIST)
🧪 Kreator przygotowania roztworu WIZARD
① Wybierz stężenie
② Objętość docelowa
③ Rozpuszczalnik

Obliczenia wg: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, Merck ↗

Chemia obliczeniowa

Ladowanie danych obliczeniowych...

Kompatybilnosc z solwentami

Oszacowanie na podstawie rozpuszczalnosci w wodzie i logP. Dane orientacyjne — nie zastepuja badan eksperymentalnych.

SolwentKompatybilnoscUwagiReferencje
Water+ DobralogP sugeruje hydrofilowosc
EtOH+ DobraEtOH — uniwersalny solwent polarny
Acetone~ UmiarkowanaCzesciowo kompatybilny
DCM- SlabaSlaba kompatybilnosc z polarnymi
DMSO+ DobraDMSO — silny solwent aprotonowy
THF~ UmiarkowanaTHF — ograniczona dla silnie polarnych
Hexane- SlabaPraktycznie nierozpuszczalny w heksanie
CHCl3- SlabaSlaba kompatybilnosc z polarnymi

Zrodla danych dla logP/rozpuszczalnosci: logP: 0.00

📚 Naukowe referencje dla solwentow (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinac

Kazdy solwent ma 5 niezaleznych zrodel naukowych (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/GESTIS). Pelne cytowania ponizej.

Water · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  2. International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). 1997. "Release on the Static Dielectric Constant of Ordinary Water Substance." IAPWS R8-97. [link ↗]
  3. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
  4. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Water." GESTIS Substance Database. Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
EtOH · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  2. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
  3. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183. [link ↗]
  4. Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-340-64578-9.X5000-9. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Ethanol." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Acetone · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220. [link ↗]
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  3. Rumble, John R., ed. 2023. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 104th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  4. Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Acetone." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
DCM · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, dichloro- (CAS 75-09-2)." NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  3. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1999. "Dichloromethane." IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 71: 251–315. [link ↗]
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Dichloromethane." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
DMSO · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Wypych, George. 2019. Handbook of Solvents. Volume 1: Properties. 3rd ed. Toronto: ChemTec Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-02235-3. [link ↗]
  2. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
  3. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, sulfinylbis- (CAS 67-68-5)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Dimethyl sulfoxide." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
THF · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. Armarego, Wilfred L. F., and Christina Li Lin Chai. 2009. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals. 6th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-85617-567-8.50003-3. [link ↗]
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  3. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Furan, tetrahydro- (CAS 109-99-9)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  4. Smallwood, Ian M. 1996. Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties. London: Arnold. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Tetrahydrofuran." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Hexane · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  2. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  3. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. [link ↗]
  4. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2012. "n-Hexane." IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 100F. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "n-Hexane." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
CHCl3 · NIST CAS lookup ↗
  1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1999. "Chloroform." IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 73: 131–182. [link ↗]
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. n.d. "Methane, trichloro- (CAS 67-66-3)." NIST Chemistry WebBook. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
  3. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. [link ↗]
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. [link ↗]
  5. IFA. n.d. "Chloroform." GESTIS Substance Database. Accessed April 25, 2026. [link ↗]
Teoria rozpuszczalnosci (zastosowane w przewidywaniu kompatybilnosci):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hildebrand, Joel H., and Robert L. Scott. 1950. The Solubility of Nonelectrolytes. 3rd ed. New York: Reinhold. — "Like dissolves like" (Hildebrand parameter δ).
  3. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + wzór Ra.
  4. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  5. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  6. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 1310-73-2 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Kompletna bibliografia w akordeonie REFERENCJE (na dole strony) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (74)

  1. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Pisarska, Bożenna. 2017. "Waste-free method for conversion of sodium sulfate to sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide Bezodpadowa metoda przerobu siarczanu(VI) sodu na kwas siarkowy(VI) i wodorotlenek sodu." PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY 1 (3): 169-173. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2017.3.30. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  2. ★★★★★ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Sansone, Susanna-Assunta, et al. 2019. "FAIRsharing as a community approach to standards, repositories and policies." Nature Biotechnology 37 (4): 358-367. link
  3. ★★★★★ CROSS_MODULE:METHODOLOGY 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) Chen, Chaomei. 2017. "Science Mapping: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Journal of Data and Information Science 2 (2): 1-40. Editorial / Bridge
  4. ★★★★★ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) Wishart, David S. 2016. "Emerging applications of metabolomics in drug discovery and precision medicine." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 15 (7): 473-484.
  5. ★★★★½ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Bolton, Evan E., Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, and Stephen H. Bryant. 2008. "PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities." Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. link
  6. ★★★★☆ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, et al. 2023. "PubChem 2023 update." Nucleic Acids Research 51 (D1): D1373-D1380. link
  7. ★★★★☆ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Kim, Sunghwan, Tiejun Cheng, Jianyong He, Chen Cheng, et al. 2021. "PubChem Protein, Pathway, Reaction, and Disease Specifications." Journal of Cheminformatics 13: 16. link
  8. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Mendoza, Manuel, and Christopher Belter. 2018. "Citation Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide." Journal of the Medical Library Association 106 (1): 47-55. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] CC-BY 4.0
  9. ★★★★☆ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Hähnke, Volker D., Sunghwan Kim, and Evan E. Bolton. 2018. "PubChem chemical structure standardization." Journal of Cheminformatics 10: 36. link
  10. ★★★★☆ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Wang, Yanli, Stephen H. Bryant, Tiejun Cheng, Jiyao Wang, et al. 2017. "PubChem BioAssay: 2017 update." Nucleic Acids Research 45 (D1): D955-D963. link
  11. ★★★★☆ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Cheng, Tiejun, et al. 2014. "Computation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Guiding an Additive Model with Knowledge." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54 (3): 793-805. link
  12. ★★★★☆ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) ❓ unverified Bolton, Evan E., et al. 2011. "PubChem3D: A new resource for scientists." Journal of Cheminformatics 3: 32. link
  13. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall Housecroft, Catherine E., and Alan G. Sharpe. 2018. Inorganic Chemistry. 5th ed. Pearson Education. ISBN: 9781292134277. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Pearson Education)
  14. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781305577213. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Cengage Learning)
  15. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall Brown, Theodore L., H. Eugene LeMay, Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, Patrick M. Woodward, and Matthew E. Stoltzfus. 2018. Chemistry: The Central Science. 14th ed. Pearson Education. ISBN: 9780134414232. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Pearson Education)
  16. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall Zumdahl, Steven S., and Susan A. Zumdahl. 2018. Chemistry. 10th ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781305957404. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Cengage Learning)
  17. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo. 2016. Network Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Open (online edition)
  18. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall Haynes, William M.. 2016. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 97th ed. CRC Press. ISBN: 9781498754293. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (CRC Press)
  19. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall — Oxford UP Atkins, Peter W., and Julio de Paula. 2014. Physical Chemistry. 10th ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780198769866. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Oxford University Press)
  20. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall — Oxford UP Atkins, Peter, Tina Overton, Jonathan Rourke, Mark Weller, Fraser Armstrong, and Michael Hagerman. 2014. Shriver and Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry. 5th ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199641826. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Oxford University Press)
  21. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall — Wiley Smith, Michael B.. 2013. March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure. 7th ed. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN: 9781118057353. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Wiley-Interscience)
  22. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall — Oxford UP Clayden, Jonathan, Nick Greeves, and Stuart Warren. 2012. Organic Chemistry. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199270293. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Oxford University Press)
  23. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall ❓ unverified Moed, Henk F. 2005. Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation. Dordrecht: Springer. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Springer)
  24. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN_BOOKS 💰 Paywall — Elsevier Greenwood, Norman N., and Alan Earnshaw. 1997. Chemistry of the Elements. 2nd ed. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN: 9780750633659. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] Subscription (Butterworth-Heinemann)
  25. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Zieliński, Jakub. 2020. "Badania nad zastosowaniem cytrynianu sodu do usuwania α- i β-kwasów z odpadów chmielowych." PRZEMYSŁ CHEMICZNY 1 (8): 98-101. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2020.8.15. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  26. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Keeport, Melissa. 2015. "All I Could Do Was Offer A Soda." American Medical Student Research Journal 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.15422/amsrj.2015.05.027. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  27. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified KOZIELEC, TOMASZ. 2015. "Proste testy chemiczne służące do wykrywania tiosiarczanu sodu w papierach fotograficznych." PRZEGLĄD PAPIERNICZY 1 (10): 47-51. https://doi.org/10.15199/54.2015.10.2. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  28. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Demaio, Sandro. 2013. "Big Soda - do you think we’re all stupid?.". https://doi.org/10.64628/aa.v7p9mfvgd. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  29. ★★☆☆☆ CROSSREF 🔓 OPEN ❓ unverified Anonymous. "Sodium Hydroxide.". https://doi.org/10.31003/fcc_f100560_05_01. link [dostep: 2026-05-14]
  30. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN Crossref. 2024. "Crossref REST API Documentation." link [dostep: 2026-04-27] CC0 (metadata)
  31. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN OpenAlex. 2024. "OpenAlex Documentation: Works, Authors, Venues, Institutions, Concepts." link [dostep: 2026-04-27] CC0 (data)
  32. ★☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? ❓ unverified Wilkinson, Mark D., et al. 2016. "The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship." Scientific Data 3: 160018. link
  33. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN ❓ ? ❓ unverified van Eck, Nees Jan, and Ludo Waltman. 2014. "Visualizing Bibliometric Networks." In Measuring Scholarly Impact: Methods and Practice, edited by Y. Ding, R. Rousseau, and D. Wolfram, 285-320. Cham: Springer. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Springer)
  34. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN ❓ ? ❓ unverified Hjorland, Birger. 2013. "Citation Analysis: A Social and Dynamic Approach to Knowledge Organization." Information Processing & Management 49 (6): 1313-1325. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Elsevier)
  35. ★☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? ❓ unverified Williams, Antony J., Lee Harland, Paul Groth, et al. 2012. "Open PHACTS: Semantic interoperability for drug discovery." Drug Discovery Today 17 (21-22): 1188-1198. link
  36. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Wishart, David S., et al. 2022. "HMDB 5.0: the Human Metabolome Database for 2022." Nucleic Acids Research 50 (D1): D622-D631.
  37. ½☆☆☆☆ CROSS_MODULE:METHODOLOGY ❓ ? Hu, Xiaopeng, et al. 2019. "Cross-disciplinary citations and integration in chemistry research." Journal of Cheminformatics 11: 13. Editorial / Bridge
  38. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Wishart, David S. 2009. "Computational strategies for metabolite identification in metabolomics." Bioanalysis 1 (9): 1579-1596.
  39. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Wishart, David S., et al. 2007. "HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database." Nucleic Acids Research 35 (Database): D521-D526.
  40. ★★★★★ EXTERNAL 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) Sansone, Susanna-Assunta, Philippe Rocca-Serra, Dawn Field, et al. 2012. "Toward interoperable bioscience data." Nature Genetics 44 (2): 121-126.
  41. ★★★★★ CROSS_MODULE:METHODOLOGY 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) Small, Henry. 1973. "Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 24 (4): 265-269. Editorial / Bridge
  42. ★★★☆☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN Priem, Jason, Heather Piwowar, and Richard Orr. 2022. "OpenAlex: A Fully-Open Index of Scholarly Works, Authors, Venues, Institutions, and Concepts." arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01833. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] CC0 (data); arXiv preprint
  43. ★★☆☆☆ WIKIDATA 🔓 OPEN Wikidata. n.d. "sodium hydroxide (Q102769)." Wikidata item. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102769. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  44. ★★☆☆☆ WIKIDATA 🔓 OPEN Scholia. n.d. "sodium hydroxide — Scholia profile." https://scholia.toolforge.org/work/Q102769. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  45. ★★★★★ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall ❓ unverified Bornmann, Lutz, and Ruediger Mutz. 2014. "Growth Rates of Modern Science: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on the Number of Publications and Cited References." Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 66 (11): 2215-2222. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Wiley)
  46. ★★★★★ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall ❓ unverified Lozano, George A., Vincent Lariviere, and Yves Gingras. 2012. "The Weakening Relationship Between the Impact Factor and Papers' Citations in the Digital Age." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 63 (11): 2140-2145. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Wiley)
  47. ★★★★★ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall ❓ unverified Lariviere, Vincent, and Yves Gingras. 2010. "On the Relationship Between Interdisciplinarity and Scientific Impact." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61 (1): 126-131. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Wiley)
  48. ★★★★★ CROSS_MODULE:METHODOLOGY 💰 Paywall (prawdop.) Boyack, Kevin W., and Richard Klavans. 2010. "Co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and direct citation: Which citation approach represents the research front most accurately?" Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61 (12): 2389-2404. Editorial / Bridge
  49. ★★★★★ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall ❓ unverified Watts, Duncan J., and Steven H. Strogatz. 1998. "Collective Dynamics of 'Small-World' Networks." Nature 393 (6684): 440-442. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Nature)
  50. ★★★★★ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall ❓ unverified Garfield, Eugene. 1955. "Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas." Science 122 (3159): 108-111. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (AAAS)
  51. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall ❓ unverified Bornmann, Lutz, and Hans-Dieter Daniel. 2008. "What Do Citation Counts Measure? A Review of Studies on Citing Behavior." Journal of Documentation 64 (1): 45-80. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Emerald)
  52. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall ❓ unverified Newman, M. E. J. 2003. "The Structure and Function of Complex Networks." SIAM Review 45 (2): 167-256. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (SIAM)
  53. ★★★★☆ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN Colleen Hoover. 2018. "All your perfects." Simon & Schuster Australia. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  54. ★★★★☆ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN Jenny Han. 2014. "To All the Boys I've Loved Before." cbj audio. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  55. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN Manning, Christopher D., Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schuetze. 2008. Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Open (online edition)
  56. ★★★★☆ OPENLIBRARY 🔓 OPEN bell hooks. 2000. "All About Love." Women's Press Ltd,The. link [dostep: 2026-06-12] CC0 (metadata)
  57. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN Egghe, Leo, and Ronald Rousseau. 1990. Introduction to Informetrics: Quantitative Methods in Library, Documentation and Information Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Open (institutional repository)
  58. ★★★★☆ BUILTIN 💰 Paywall Garfield, Eugene. 1979. Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities. New York: Wiley. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Wiley)
  59. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN Wilsdon, James, et al. 2015. The Metric Tide: Report of the Independent Review of the Role of Metrics in Research Assessment and Management. Bristol: HEFCE. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Open (HEFCE/UKRI)
  60. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN ❓ ? ❓ unverified Robertson, Stephen, and Hugo Zaragoza. 2009. "The Probabilistic Relevance Framework: BM25 and Beyond." Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval 3 (4): 333-389. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Now Publishers)
  61. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN 🔓 OPEN Page, Lawrence, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry Winograd. 1999. "The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web." Stanford InfoLab Technical Report 1999-66. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Open (Stanford InfoLab)
  62. ★☆☆☆☆ OPENLIBRARY ❓ ? Malaysia.. 1998. "Akta Racun 1952." Published & printed by MDC Publishers Printers. link [dostep: 2026-05-14]
  63. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN ❓ ? ❓ unverified Belkin, Nicholas J., and W. Bruce Croft. 1992. "Information Filtering and Information Retrieval: Two Sides of the Same Coin?" Communications of the ACM 35 (12): 29-38. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (ACM)
  64. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN ❓ ? Salton, Gerard. 1989. Automatic Text Processing: The Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval of Information by Computer. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (ACM/Pearson)
  65. ★☆☆☆☆ BUILTIN ❓ ? ❓ unverified Salton, Gerard, and Christopher Buckley. 1988. "Term-Weighting Approaches in Automatic Text Retrieval." Information Processing & Management 24 (5): 513-523. link [dostep: 2026-04-27] Subscription (Elsevier)
  66. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Haug, Kenneth, Keeva Cochrane, Venkata Chandrasekhar Nainala, et al. 2020. "MetaboLights: a resource evolving in response to the needs of its scientific community." Nucleic Acids Research 48 (D1): D440-D444.
  67. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Salek, Reza M., Pablo Conesa, Kenneth Cochrane, et al. 2017. "Automated assembly of species metabolomes through data integration." Database 2017: bax038.
  68. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Sud, Manish, et al. 2017. "Computational tools for the secondary analysis of metabolomics experiments." Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 14: 232-245.
  69. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Sud, Manish, Eoin Fahy, Dawn Cotter, et al. 2016. "Metabolomics Workbench: An international repository for metabolomics data and metadata, metabolite standards, protocols, tutorials and training, and analysis tools." Nucleic Acids Research 44 (D1): D463-D470.
  70. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Salek, Reza M., Kenneth Haug, Pablo Conesa, et al. 2013. "The MetaboLights repository: curation challenges in metabolomics." Database 2013: bat029.
  71. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Fahy, Eoin, Dawn Cotter, Manish Sud, and Shankar Subramaniam. 2011. "Lipid classification, structures and tools." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1811 (11): 637-647.
  72. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Cottrell, John S. 2011. "Protein identification using MS/MS data." Journal of Proteomics 74 (10): 1842-1851.
  73. ½☆☆☆☆ EXTERNAL ❓ ? Smith, Colin A., et al. 2005. "METLIN: a metabolite mass spectral database." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 27 (6): 747-751.
  74. ½☆☆☆☆ CROSS_MODULE:METHODOLOGY ❓ ? Kessler, Maxwell M. 1963. "Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers." American Documentation 14 (1): 10-25. Editorial / Bridge
🔬 Purity Check Guide Quality Control

Verify reagent purity using standardized analytical methods. Select a test method below and enter your measurement results for automated calculation.

Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2024. "USP <621> Chromatography." In United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, USP 47-NF 42. Rockville, MD: USP. ↗
  2. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2024. "2.2.46 Chromatographic Separation Techniques." In European Pharmacopoeia, 11th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe — EDQM. ↗
  3. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 2022. "ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures." International Council for Harmonisation. ↗
  4. Skoog, Douglas A., F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch. 2018. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
  5. International Organization for Standardization. 2017. "ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories." Geneva: ISO. ↗
  6. Christian, Gary D., Purnendu K. Dasgupta, and Kevin A. Schug. 2014. Analytical Chemistry. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  7. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. ↗
  8. International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). 1996. "ICH Q3A: Impurities in New Drug Substances." International Council for Harmonisation. ↗
  9. Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits, and Philip J. Elving, eds. 1978. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
📈 Statystyka analityczna (t-test · RSD · Grubbs · Q-Dixon) ICH Q2

Wklej serię powtórzeń pomiarów (CSV lub po jednej liczbie w linii). Kalkulator policzy średnią, odchylenie, 95% CI, wykryje outliery (Grubbs + Dixon Q).

Separator: przecinek, spacja, tab, nowa linia. Min 3 pomiary.
📐 Formuły statystyczne
  • x̄ = Σxᵢ / n — średnia arytmetyczna
  • s² = Σ(xᵢ - x̄)² / (n-1) — wariancja próby
  • s = √s² — odchylenie standardowe
  • RSD% = (s / x̄) × 100% — względne odchylenie
  • CI₉₅ = x̄ ± t(0.05, n-1) × s / √n — Student's t
  • G = |xᵢ - x̄| / s — test Grubbsa
  • Q = |xsuspect - xnearest| / |xmax - xmin| — Dixon Q-test

Źródło: ICH Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures · ICH PDF ↗

Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. EURACHEM/CITAC. 2012. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement." 3rd ed. EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG 4. ↗
  2. International Organization for Standardization. 2005. "ISO 3534-1:2006 Statistics — Vocabulary and Symbols — Part 1: General Statistical Terms and Terms Used in Probability." Geneva: ISO. ↗
  3. Heckert, N. A., and J. J. Filliben. 2003. "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods." NIST Handbook 151. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. [DOI ↗]
  4. Thompson, Michael, Stephen L. R. Ellison, and Roger Wood. 2002. "Harmonized Guidelines for Single-Laboratory Validation of Methods of Analysis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (5): 835–855. [DOI ↗]
  5. International Organization for Standardization. 1994. "ISO 5725-2:1994 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results — Part 2: Basic Method for the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method." Geneva: ISO. ↗
  6. Snedecor, George W., and William G. Cochran. 1989. Statistical Methods. 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
  7. Grubbs, Frank E. 1950. "Sample Criteria for Testing Outlying Observations." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (1): 27–58. [DOI ↗]
  8. Dixon, Wilfrid J. 1950. "Analysis of Extreme Values." Annals of Mathematical Statistics 21 (4): 488–506. [DOI ↗]
  9. Student [William Sealy Gosset]. 1908. "The Probable Error of a Mean." Biometrika 6 (1): 1–25. [DOI ↗]
🧪 Buffer Recipe Calculator UNIQUE

Wybierz bufor z listy 20 popularnych systemów → wprowadź docelowe pH → otrzymasz dokładny przepis z masami do odważenia.

Krok 1: Wybierz system buforowy

📜 Historia przepisów (ostatnie 10)
📊 Confidence: 95% PRODUCTION-GRADEProduction-Grade — publikowalne w czasopiśmie naukowym
Dane potwierdzone w ≥3 autorytatywnych źródłach (NIST, ECHA, PubChem, IARC). Tolerancja: <0.5%. Można cytować w publikacji peer-reviewed.

Źródła (3):
Pole: buffer_pka
Last verified: 2026-06-12
References: pKa values cross-referenced z Goldberg NIST 81 · CRC Handbook 100th ed. · Stoll & Blanchard 1990 (DOI)
🚚 Klasyfikacja transportowa (ADR / IATA / IMDG) UN1823
UN Number
UN1823
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLID
Corrosive

🛣️ ADR Transport drogowy

Klasa:
8
Grupa pakowania:
II
Nazwa wysyłkowa:
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLID
Kod tunelowy:
(E)

✈️ IATA Transport lotniczy

Klasa:
8
Instrukcje pakowania:
859 / 863
Max ilość (PAX):
15 kg
Max ilość (CAO):
50 kg

🚢 IMDG Transport morski

Klasa:
8
EmS Code:
F-A, S-B

Źródła: ADR 2023 ↗ · IATA DGR ↗ · IMDG Code ↗

Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. International Air Transport Association. 2024. Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). 65th ed. Montreal: IATA. ↗
  2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2023. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Geneva: UNECE. ↗
  3. United Nations. 2023. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations (Orange Book). 23rd revised ed. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.23. New York and Geneva: United Nations. ↗
  4. International Civil Aviation Organization. 2023. Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (Doc 9284). 2023–2024 ed. Montreal: ICAO. ↗
  5. International Maritime Organization. 2022. International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, 2022 Edition (Amendment 41-22). London: IMO. ↗
⚛ Tablica Mendelejewa / Periodic Table
📅 Project Planner — Lab experiment manager NEW

Zaplanuj cały projekt laboratoryjny: dodaj eksperymenty z reagentami, powtórzeniami i czasem trwania. Otrzymasz wykres Gantta, listę zakupów (linki do sklepu!), budżet z 10% marginesem i macierz ryzyka GHS.

🆘 Pierwsza pomoc — procedury awaryjne CAS 1310-73-2
Niebezpieczeństwo / Danger
Klasa zagrożenia: CORROSIVE

⚠️ WAŻNE: W razie poważnego incydentu — dzwoń 112 lub Centrum Zatruć: +48 42 631 47 24 (Łódź).

  • Korozyjny: NIGDY nie wywołuj wymiotów, NIE neutralizuj antagonistą (NaHCO3 na kwasy / kwasy na zasady).

🩹 Kontakt ze skórą

⏱ Tempo: Ból opóźniony 30–60 s; głębsze rany niż kwasy
🔴 Objawy
  • Śliska skóra (saponifikacja)
  • Pieczenie OPÓŹNIONE
  • Oparzenie 2–3°
✅ Co robić
  1. Zdejmij odzież
  2. Spłucz OBFICIE wodą 30 min
  3. Karetka >5 cm²
❌ Czego unikać
  • NIE neutralizuj kwasami
  • NIE smaruj
🚑 Karetka: >5 cm² OR uczucie ucisku
Goldfrank 2019 §103

👁️ Kontakt z oczami

⏱ Tempo: <30 s — penetracja głębsza
🔴 Objawy
  • Ostry ból
  • GŁĘBSZA penetracja niż kwasy (likwefakcja)
✅ Co robić
  1. Płucz 60 min (LONGER niż kwasy!)
  2. Karetka + OKULISTA
❌ Czego unikać
  • NIE używaj kwaśnych neutralizatorów
🚑 Karetka: ZAWSZE
McCulley 1987; ANSI Z358.1

🫁 Wdychanie / drogi oddechowe

⏱ Tempo: 5 min — 6h
🔴 Objawy
  • Kaszel, ból klatki piersiowej
  • Obrzęk płuc
✅ Co robić
  1. Świeże powietrze
  2. Tlen
  3. Szpital obserwacyjny
❌ Czego unikać
  • NIE bagatelizuj
🚑 Karetka: Każda inhalacja pyłu/aerozolu
NIOSH 0565

🩺 Połknięcie / droga pokarmowa

⏱ Tempo: 5–60 min
🔴 Objawy
  • Ostry ból
  • Perforacja przełyku
✅ Co robić
  1. Wypłucz usta
  2. Wypij wodę/mleko 200 mL
  3. Centrum Zatruć
  4. Endoskopia
❌ Czego unikać
  • NIE wymioty
  • NIE neutralizuj kwasami
  • NIE węgiel
🚑 Karetka: ZAWSZE
ESPGHAN 2018 caustic ingestion
📞 Telefony alarmowe
📱 +48 42 631 47 24
Centrum Zatruć Łódź · 24/7
📱 +48 22 619 66 54
Centrum Zatruć Warszawa · 24/7
📱 +48 12 411 99 99
Centrum Zatruć Kraków · 24/7
📱 +48 61 847 69 46
Centrum Zatruć Poznań · 24/7
📱 112
Numer alarmowy UE · 24/7
📱 999
Pogotowie ratunkowe PL · 24/7
📱 998
Straż Pożarna PL · 24/7
🧰 Apteczka pierwszej pomocy — wymagane wyposażenie
  • Eye-wash bottle (≥500 mL, ANSI Z358.1)
  • Saline solution 0.9% NaCl (sterylna, ≥250 mL)
  • Bandaże jałowe + plastry hipoalergiczne
  • Lateksowe rękawice ratownicze (rozmiar M/L/XL)
  • Maska ochronna FFP2/FFP3
  • Termometr bezkontaktowy
  • Diphoterine® flush 500 mL (jeśli dostępny)
  • Sól fizjologiczna PB w fiolkach 20 mL
📚 Źródła (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Goldfrank, Lewis R., Robert S. Hoffman, Mary Ann Howland, Neal A. Lewin, Lewis S. Nelson, and Silas W. Smith. 2019. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. McGraw-Hill Education.
  2. Olson, Kent R., Ilene B. Anderson, Neal L. Benowitz, Paul D. Blanc, Richard F. Clark, Thomas E. Kearney, Susan Y. Kim-Katz, and Alan H. B. Wu. 2018. Poisoning & Drug Overdose. McGraw-Hill.
  3. World Health Organization (WHO). 2007. Antidotes for Poisoning by Cyanide (IPCS Evaluation Series 21). International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO Press. ↗
  4. Howland, Mary Ann, and Robert S. Aaron. 2002. Goldfrank's Antidotes for Pediatric Emergency Care. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  5. Centrum Zatruć Łódź. 2024. Procedury kliniczne w zatruciach ostrych — wytyczne dla ratowników. Centrum Informacji Toksykologicznej. ↗
  6. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2007. Recommendations for First Aid Procedures for Chemical Exposures (NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, DHHS Publication No. 2005-149). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ↗
  7. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2021. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Revision 9. United Nations. ↗
  8. Brent, Jeffrey. 2009. Fomepizole for the Treatment of Pediatric Ethylene and Diethylene Glycol, Butoxyethanol, and Methanol Poisonings. Clinical Toxicology 48(5): 401–406.
  9. Lin, Tian-Ming, Li-Wha Tsai, Ssu-Yun Chiu, and Po-Hung Lin. 1999. Continuous Calcium Gluconate Infusion for Hydrofluoric Acid Burn. Burns 25(1): 67–71.
  10. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). 2018. Caustic Ingestion in Children — Position Paper. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 66(5): 838–845.
  11. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2024. Toxicological Profiles — Medical Management Guidelines. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ↗
  12. IPCS INCHEM. 2024. International Programme on Chemical Safety — Poisons Information Monographs. WHO/UNEP/ILO. ↗
  13. American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 2014. ANSI Z358.1-2014 — Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment. International Safety Equipment Association.
🧪 Rozpuszczalność i kompatybilność z solwentami 85% ACCEPTABLEAcceptable — z disclaimerem
Dane potwierdzone w 1-2 źródłach lub z minimalną rozbieżnością. Cytuj z weryfikacją podstawowego źródła.

Źródła (4):
Pole: hansen_solubility
Last verified: 2026-06-12
Molekuła
Wodorotlenek sodu
Wzór
HNaO
logP
0.00
Masa (g/mol)
40.00
Polarność
Umiarkowana

⚠️ Oszacowanie na podstawie logP i TPSA. Dane orientacyjne — nie zastępują badań eksperymentalnych.

Solwent Kompat. Ra Wizual GC-MS HPLC Zastosowania Referencje
Water (H₂O)− Słaba35.2
✗ NieA (aqueous) (RP)
buffercell-cultureanalyticalextraction (hydrofilne)
Ethanol (EtOH)− Słaba12.3
✗ NieA/B modifier (RP/NP)
extractionspectroscopy (UV-Vis)synthesisHPLC modifier
Methanol (MeOH)− Słaba15.6
✗ NieA/B (RP) (RP)
HPLC (eluent)LC-MSKarl FischerUV-transparent do 205 nm
Acetone~ Śr.5.1
✗ NieB modifier (NP)
GC headspacecrystallizationdegreasingsynthesis
Acetonitrile (ACN)~ Śr.9.8
✗ NieB (RP) (RP)
HPLC eluent (gold standard)LC-MS (wolny cut-off UV 190 nm)peptide analysis
DMSO~ Śr.6.8
✗ NieN/A (N/A)
NMR (d6-DMSO)cell biology (cryopreservation)drug deliverysynthesis
THF+ Dobra4.9
✗ NieB (NP) (NP)
GPC/SEC (polymer analysis)Grignard synthesisorganometallic
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)+ Dobra4.2
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
extractionNP-HPLCGC-MScrystallization (anti-solvent)
Chloroform (CHCl₃)~ Śr.7.3
✓ TakN/A (toxic) (N/A)
NMR (CDCl3)lipid extraction (Folch method)NP-TLC
Hexane− Słaba14.2
✓ TakA (NP) (NP)
NP-HPLCoil extraction (lipids)GC-MSTLC (NP)
Toluene− Słaba10.5
✓ TakB (NP) (NP)
NMR (d8-toluene)synthesisDean-Stark azeotropic drying
📚 Naukowe referencje dla solwentów (Chicago Author-Date) — kliknij aby rozwinąć

11 solwentów × 5 niezależnych źródeł naukowych (NIST/CRC/IARC/Hansen/Reichardt/Smallwood/Wypych/Armarego/Snyder/GESTIS). 55+ pełnych cytowań poniżej.

Water (H₂O)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Water (CAS 7732-18-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 104th ed., Sec. 8 (Properties of Water)
  3. IAPWS — IAPWS Release on Static Dielectric Constant of Water
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Water
Ethanol (EtOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Ethanol (CAS 64-17-5)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Ethanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — Ethanol eluotropic
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Ethanol
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Ethanol
Methanol (MeOH)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Methanol (CAS 67-56-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Methanol physical constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — MeOH eluotropic, eo=0.95
  4. IARC 105 — IARC Monograph 105 — Methanol toxicology
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Methanol
Acetone
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetone (CAS 67-64-1)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetone physical & thermodynamic constants
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Acetone (dD=15.5, dP=10.4, dH=7.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Acetone
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetone
Acetonitrile (ACN)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8)
  2. CRC — CRC Handbook — Acetonitrile constants
  3. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — ACN gold-standard HPLC eluent
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — ACN dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Acetonitrile
DMSO
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — DMSO (CAS 67-68-5)
  2. Wypych 2019 — Handbook of Solvents Vol. 1 — DMSO comprehensive properties
  3. Hansen 2007 — HSP — DMSO (dD=18.4, dP=16.4, dH=10.2)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DMSO E_T(30)=45.1, dipolar aprotic
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — DMSO
THF
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — THF (CAS 109-99-9)
  2. Armarego 2009 — Purification of Laboratory Chemicals — THF drying & peroxide test
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — THF (dD=16.8, dP=5.7, dH=8.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — THF
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Tetrahydrofuran
DCM (CH₂Cl₂)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Dichloromethane (CAS 75-09-2)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — DCM (Group 2A carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — DCM (dD=18.2, dP=6.3, dH=6.1)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — DCM polarity index
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Dichloromethane
Chloroform (CHCl₃)
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Chloroform (CAS 67-66-3)
  2. IARC 73 — IARC Monograph 73 — Chloroform (Group 2B carcinogen)
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — CHCl3 (dD=17.8, dP=3.1, dH=5.7)
  4. Reichardt 2011 — Solvents and Solvent Effects — CHCl3 H-bond donor strength
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Chloroform
n-Hexane
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — n-Hexane (CAS 110-54-3)
  2. IARC 100F — IARC Monograph 100F — n-Hexane neurotoxicity
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — n-Hexane (dD=14.9, dP=0, dH=0)
  4. Snyder & Kirkland — Modern Liquid Chromatography — n-Hexane NP standard, eo=0.00
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — n-Hexane
Toluene
  1. NIST — NIST Chemistry WebBook — Toluene (CAS 108-88-3)
  2. IARC 71 — IARC Monograph 71 — Toluene
  3. Hansen 2007 — Hansen Solubility Parameters — Toluene (dD=18.0, dP=1.4, dH=2.0)
  4. Smallwood — Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties — Toluene
  5. GESTIS — GESTIS Substance Database — Toluene
Teoria rozpuszczalności (zastosowane w przewidywaniu kompatybilności):
  1. Yalkowsky, Samuel H., and Shri C. Valvani. 1980. "Solubility and Partitioning I: Solubility of Nonelectrolytes in Water." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 69 (8): 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600690814 — General Solubility Equation (GSE): logS = 0.5 − logP − 0.01(MP−25).
  2. Hildebrand, Joel H., and Robert L. Scott. 1950. The Solubility of Nonelectrolytes. 3rd ed. New York: Reinhold. — "Like dissolves like" (Hildebrand parameter δ).
  3. Hansen, Charles M. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook. 2nd ed. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834 — HSP triplet (dD, dP, dH) + wzór Ra.
  4. Stefanis, E., and C. Panayiotou. 2008. "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group-Contribution Method." Int J Thermophys 29: 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z
  5. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2011. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527632220 — E_T(30) polarity scale, solwatochromia.
  6. Snyder, Lloyd R., Joseph J. Kirkland, and John W. Dolan. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. 3rd ed. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470508183 — Eluotropic series, polarity index.
  7. Van Krevelen, D. W., and K. Te Nijenhuis. 2009. Properties of Polymers. 4th ed. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-054819-7.X0001-5 — Hoftyzer–Van Krevelen group contribution dla dD/dP/dH z SMILES.
  8. Marcus, Yizhak. 1998. The Properties of Solvents. Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry, Vol. 4. ISBN 9780471983699 — Kompletny tabularny zestaw 250+ rozpuszczalników (ε, μ, donicity, acceptor numbers).
  9. PubChem Compound Database — CAS 1310-73-2 lookup ↗ — logP (XLogP3), water solubility experimental + predicted.

Kompletna bibliografia w akordeonie REFERENCJE (na dole strony) — Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date.

⚗️ Sprawdź kompatybilność reakcji

Sprawdź czy Wodorotlenek sodu jest kompatybilny z innym odczynnikiem

📦 Matryca kompatybilności przechowywania
Kwasy Zasady Utleniacze Łatwopalne Toksyczne Gazy
Kwasy ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Zasady ✗ ✓ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠
Utleniacze ✗ ⚠ ✓ ✗ ⚠ ✗
Łatwopalne ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✓ ⚠ ✗
Toksyczne ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ⚠ ✓ ⚠
Gazy ✗ ⚠ ✗ ✗ ⚠ ✓
✓ Można razem · ⚠ Ostrożnie · ✗ NIE przechowywać razem · OSHA Chemical Segregation ↗

Dane kompatybilności z: Bretherick's Handbook (7th ed.) ↗, GESTIS ↗, ECHA REACH ↗, NFPA 704 ↗

🧮 Kalkulatory laboratoryjne (8)
Rozcieńczenie (C₁V₁=C₂V₂)
Molarność (M=n/V)
pH Bufor (Henderson-Hasselbalch)
Beer-Lambert (A=εcl)
Masa → Mole
Stężenie % → M
ppm → mg/L
Temperatura C↔F↔K

Formuły zweryfikowane: IUPAC Gold Book ↗, DOI ↗

📊 Bazy widm spektroskopowych
📋 Generator protokołu laboratoryjnego

Protokół wygenerowany na podstawie: GHS SDS, Aldrich Lab Guide ↗

🏷️ Generator etykiety (QR)
Wodorotlenek sodu
HNaO — CAS 1310-73-2
Stężenie: —
Przygotowano: 2026-06-12
Ważne do: 2026-06-19
Przygotował: —
QR
💰 Porównanie cen
Dostawca Cena Dostępność Dostawa
⭐ Invento 17,99 zł ✓ W magazynie 24h
Sigma-Aldrich 39,58 zł ⚠ 3-5 dni Import
Merck 44,98 zł ⚠ 5-7 dni Import
Carl Roth 32,38 zł ⚠ 3-5 dni Import

💸 Oszczędzasz: <span class="woocommerce-Price-amount amount"><bdi>21,59 <span class="woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol">zł</span></bdi></span> vs Sigma-Aldrich

Ceny konkurencji szacunkowe, stan na 2026-06-12. Sprawdź aktualne ceny na stronach dostawców.

ADMET — profil farmakologiczny
Loading ADMET predictions…
⏳ Stability & Shelf Life Advisor Arrhenius

Wpisz warunki przechowywania → algorytm Arrheniusa przewidzi pozostałe stężenie, czas połowicznego rozkładu i rekomendację użycia.

Oznaki degradacji wizualne:
  • Deliquescence
  • Na₂CO₃ crust
❄️ Zalecenia przechowywania
Temperature:
15-30°C, dry
Container:
HDPE/PP, tight seal; NOT glass (etches)
Incompatible:
Acids, CO₂, aluminum, zinc; hygroscopic
📊 Confidence: 70% NEEDS REFINEMENTNeeds Refinement — niektóre źródła sprzeczne
Wartości z różnych źródeł rozjeżdżają się powyżej tolerancji. NIE cytować bez własnej weryfikacji eksperymentalnej.

Źródła (2):
Pole: stability_arrhenius
Last verified: 2026-06-12
Methodology: Arrhenius equation k = A·exp(-Ea/RT). Cite: Connors KA et al. 1986 · ICH Q1A(R2)
🧪 Asystent przygotowania roztworu (Smart Prep)

Wpisz co chcesz przygotować — wygeneruję SOP

Przykłady poniżej — kliknij żeby wstawić:
Gotowe przepisy:
⭐ Najważniejsze odkrycia (literatura naukowa) 4 publikacji
🏆 CAS 1310-73-2 — multi-criteria ranking (W12): 30% cytowania · 20% recency · 20% topic · 15% historical · 15% open access.
  1. #1
    Frank Neese (2011) · WIREs Computational Molecular Science
    Dlaczego ważne: Klasyk (11 190 cytowań)
    SCORE 16.15 Mechanizm Cytowań: 11190 DOI ↗
  2. #2
    Annemie H Geeraerd, Bart M Nicolaï, Bram Van de Poel et al. (2011) · Springer Nature
    Dlaczego ważne: 121 cytowań · open access
    SCORE 10.41 Mechanizm Cytowań: 121 Open Access DOI ↗
  3. #3
    Dietrich, Nicolas, Gourdon, Christophe, Hebrard, Gilles et al. (2013) · 'Elsevier BV'
    Dlaczego ważne: 106 cytowań · open access
    SCORE 9.24 Mechanizm Cytowań: 106 Open Access DOI ↗
  4. #4
    Albert A, Azab H. A., Batchelder A. C. et al. (2007) · Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
    Dlaczego ważne: 128 cytowań · open access
    SCORE 8.58 Mechanizm Cytowań: 128 Open Access DOI ↗
📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Garfield, Eugene. 1955. "Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas." Science 122, no. 3159: 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.122.3159.108. [link ↗] — Założycielska praca o citation analysis — fundament Science Citation Index (SCI) i Web of Science
  2. Garfield, Eugene. 1979. "Citation Indexing: Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology, and Humanities." New York: Wiley. [link ↗] — Monografia — kompleksowa teoria indeksowania cytowań i scoring dorobku naukowego
  3. Hirsch, J. E.. 2005. "An Index to Quantify an Individual's Scientific Research Output." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 46: 16569–16572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507655102. [link ↗] — Wprowadzenie h-index — metryki ilościowej dorobku naukowego (citation count + production)
  4. Moed, Henk F.. 2005. "Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation." Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3714-7. [link ↗] — Standardowa monografia o ewaluacji badań przez analizę cytowań — metodyka rankingu publikacji
  5. Bornmann, Lutz, and Hans-Dieter Daniel. 2008. "What Do Citation Counts Measure? A Review of Studies on Citing Behavior." Journal of Documentation 64, no. 1: 45–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410810844150. [link ↗] — Krytyczny przegląd: co naprawdę mierzą cytowania — uzasadnienie multi-criteria scoringu
  6. Larivière, Vincent, and Yves Gingras. 2010. "On the Relationship Between Interdisciplinarity and Scientific Impact." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61, no. 1: 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21226. [link ↗] — Empiryczny związek interdyscyplinarności z impactem — uzasadnienie ważenia review/meta-analiz
  7. Hjørland, Birger. 2013. "Citation Analysis: A Social and Dynamic Approach to Knowledge Organization." Information Processing & Management 49, no. 6: 1313–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2013.07.001. [link ↗] — Społeczna i dynamiczna interpretacja analizy cytowań — kontekst organizacji wiedzy chemicznej
  8. Bornmann, Lutz, and Rüdiger Mutz. 2014. "Growth Rates of Modern Science: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on the Number of Publications and Cited References." Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 66, no. 11: 2215–2222. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23329. [link ↗] — Analiza tempa wzrostu nauki + impact metrics — bazuje na cytowaniach jako proxy znaczenia naukowego
  9. Wilsdon, James, et al.. 2015. "The Metric Tide: Report of the Independent Review of the Role of Metrics in Research Assessment and Management." Bristol: HEFCE. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4929.1363. [link ↗] — Niezależny raport o roli metryk w ewaluacji nauki — odpowiedzialne stosowanie cytowań w rankingu

REST API: /wp-json/molgod/v1/literature/highlights/1310-73-2

🔗 Sieć cytowań (citation network) 4 seed papers
📊 Graf cytowań dla CAS 1310-73-2. Każdy węzeł = praca naukowa, krawędź A→B = praca A cytuje B. Dane z OpenAlex (Priem 2022).

⚡ Pobierz dane sieci

Sieć budowana on-demand z OpenAlex API (cache 24h).

📚 Naukowe referencje (Chicago Author-Date)
  1. Garfield, Eugene. 1972. "Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation." Science 178, no. 4060: 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.178.4060.471. [link ↗] — Praca założycielska analizy cytowań — fundament journal impact factor i citation networks
  2. Watts, Duncan J., and Steven H. Strogatz. 1998. "Collective Dynamics of "Small-World" Networks." Nature 393, no. 6684: 440–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/30918. [link ↗] — Small-world networks — fundament topologii grafów cytowań (krótkie ścieżki, wysokie clustering)
  3. Page, Lawrence, Sergey Brin, Rajeev Motwani, and Terry Winograd. 1999. "The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web." Stanford InfoLab Technical Report 1999-66. [link ↗] — PageRank jako uogólnienie analizy cytowań — eigenvector centrality dla rankingu węzłów grafu
  4. Newman, M. E. J.. 2003. "The Structure and Function of Complex Networks." SIAM Review 45, no. 2: 167–256. https://doi.org/10.1137/S003614450342480. [link ↗] — Przegląd struktury i funkcji sieci złożonych — degree distribution, centrality, community detection
  5. Newman, Mark E. J.. 2010. "Networks: An Introduction." Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001. [link ↗] — Standardowy podręcznik network science — degree centrality, citation graphs, klasteryzacja
  6. van Eck, Nees Jan, and Ludo Waltman. 2014. "Visualizing Bibliometric Networks." In Measuring Scholarly Impact: Methods and Practice, edited by Y. Ding, R. Rousseau, and D. Wolfram, 285–320. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10377-8_13. [link ↗] — Wizualizacja sieci bibliometrycznych (VOSviewer) — bezpośrednio relewantne dla widgetu vis.js
  7. Barabási, Albert-László. 2016. "Network Science." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [link ↗] — Współczesny podręcznik network science — scale-free networks, preferential attachment w cytowaniach
  8. Priem, Jason, Heather Piwowar, and Richard Orr. 2022. "OpenAlex: A Fully-Open Index of Scholarly Works, Authors, Venues, Institutions, and Concepts." arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01833. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.01833. [link ↗] — Dokumentacja techniczna OpenAlex API — 250M+ scholarly works, CC0, źródło danych grafu cytowań
  9. OpenAlex. 2024. "OpenAlex Documentation: Works, Authors, Venues, Institutions, Concepts." OurResearch (technical docs). [link ↗] — Dokumentacja API używanego przez fetch_openalex_paper() — endpoint /works, mailto polite pool
  10. Crossref. 2024. "Crossref REST API Documentation." Crossref (technical docs). [link ↗] — Komplementarne API DOI/citation — alternatywne źródło danych dla referenced_works

REST API: /wp-json/molgod/v1/literature/network/1310-73-2 · cache TTL: 24h

🔎 Wyszukiwanie po widmie (JCAMP-DX)

Wgraj plik JCAMP-DX (.jdx, .dx, .jcm) — system policzy podobieństwo cosinusowe do wszystkich widm w bazie i pokaże TOP 10 dopasowań.

📚 Bibliografia (Chicago)
  • McLafferty, Fred W., ed. 2018. Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. 11th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
    Referencyjna biblioteka MS (~775k widm).
  • Stein, Stephen E., and Donald R. Scott. 1994. "Optimization and Testing of Mass Spectral Library Search Algorithms for Compound Identification." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 5 (9): 859–866.
    Algorytm cosine + dot-product NIST MS Search.
  • McDonald, Robert S., and Paul A. Wilks Jr. 1988. "JCAMP-DX: A Standard Form for Exchange of Infrared Spectra in Computer Readable Form." Applied Spectroscopy 42 (1): 151–162.
    Specyfikacja JCAMP-DX (rozszerzona do 5.01 dla NMR/MS).
  • McLafferty, Fred W., and František Tureček. 1993. "Interpretation of Mass Spectra." 4th ed. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books.
    Cosine similarity matching i fragmentacja MS — fundament algorytmu wyszukiwania.
  • Sumner, Lloyd W., Alexander Amberg, Dave Barrett, Michael H. Beale, Richard Beger, Clare A. Daykin, Teresa W.-M. Fan, et al. 2007. "Proposed Minimum Reporting Standards for Chemical Analysis." Metabolomics 3 (3): 211–221.
    MSI Level 1-4 — standardy poziomu pewności dopasowania widmowego.
  • Stein, Stephen E. 1999. "An Integrated Method for Spectrum Extraction and Compound Identification from Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Data." Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 10 (8): 770–781.
    Algorytm AMDIS — dekonwolucja + library match (NIST).
  • Lindon, John C., George E. Tranter, and David W. Koppenaal, eds. 2017. "Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry." 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
    Encyklopedyczne hasła dot. spectral library searching.
  • Pretsch, Ernő, Philippe Bühlmann, and Martin Badertscher. 2020. "Structure Determination of Organic Compounds: Tables of Spectral Data." 5th ed. Berlin: Springer.
    Tablice referencyjne dla weryfikacji match-ów library search.
  • Smith, Brian C. 2011. "Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy." 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
    FT-IR i format JCAMP-DX dla widm transmisyjnych.
  • Larkin, Peter. 2017. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation." 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    Principles of IR/Raman library matching i preprocessing peakow.
📚 REFERENCJE (Bibliografia zbiorcza, Chicago Author-Date) 122 pozycji

Wszystkie źródła naukowe cytowane w akordeonach powyżej dla CAS 1310-73-2. Format: Chicago Manual of Style 17th ed., Author-Date system.

🗄️ Bazy danych naukowych

  1. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=1310-73-2. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  2. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  3. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  4. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  5. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=1310-73-2. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  6. PubChem. 2026. PubChem Compound Summary: CAS 1310-73-2. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/#query=1310-73-2. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  7. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/107/2/j72gol.pdf. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  8. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.fda.gov/media/74954/download. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  9. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  10. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20200000010. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  11. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://bdo.mos.gov.pl/. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  12. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  13. NIST. 2026. NIST Chemistry WebBook: NIST Standard Reference Database 69. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-211. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)

📐 Standardy / Wytyczne

  1. ICH. 2003. "Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products: Q1A(R2)." Geneva: International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q1A%28R2%29%20Guideline.pdf.

📖 Książki

  1. Rumble, John R., ed.. 2019. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 100th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://hbcp.chemnetbase.com/.
  2. Hansen, Charles M.. 2007. Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User's Handbook, 2nd ed.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://www.routledge.com/Hansen-Solubility-Parameters-A-Users-Handbook/Hansen/p/book/9780849372483.
  3. Connors, Kenneth A., Gordon L. Amidon, and Valentino J. Stella. 1986. Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Pharmacists, 2nd ed.. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471734683.

📄 Artykuły naukowe (peer-reviewed)

  1. Stoll, Vincent S., and John S. Blanchard. 1990. "Buffers: Principles and Practice: In Methods in Enzymology, vol. 182." San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)82008-P.

🌐 Strony internetowe

  1. Anon.. 2023. "Untitled." https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp.
  2. Anon.. 2006. "Untitled." https://doi.org/10.3000/17252555.L_2006.396.eng.
  3. Anon.. 2023. "Untitled." https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table.
  4. Anon.. 2017. "Untitled." https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23047722/sds_en.pdf.
  5. Anon.. 2022. "Untitled." https://echa.europa.eu/substances-restricted-under-reach.
  6. Anon.. 2021. "Untitled." https://unece.org/ghs-rev9-2021.
  7. Anon.. 2020. "Untitled." https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/understanding-reach.
  8. Stefanis & Panayiotou 2008 (Int J Thermophys). 2026. "Stefanis & Panayiotou 2008 (Int J Thermophys) for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-008-0415-z. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  9. Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.. 2026. "Snyder, Lloyd R., John W. Dolan, and Joseph J. Kirkland. 2010. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  10. Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier.. 2026. "Schoenmakers, Peter J.. 1986. Optimization of Chromatographic Selectivity: A Guide to Method Development. Elsevier. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  11. Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley.. 2026. "Snyder, L. R., and J. W. Dolan. 2007. High-Performance Gradient Elution: The Practical Application of the Linear-Solvent-Strength Model. Wiley. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  12. Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755.. 2026. "Nikitas, Pavlos, and Adrian Pappa-Louisi. 2009. "Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1737-1755. for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  13. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772.. 2026. "Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 1764-1772. for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  14. Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley.. 2026. "Dong, Michael W.. 2019. HPLC and UHPLC for Practicing Scientists. Wiley. for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119313793. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  15. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182.. 2026. "Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." Journal of Separation Science 30: 1167-1182. for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  16. Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199.. 2026. "Dolan, John W.. 2013. "When to Modify Method Conditions." LCGC North America 31: 192-199. for CAS 1310-73-2." https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/when-modify-method-conditions. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  17. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley.. 2026. "Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Wiley. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  18. Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH.. 2026. "Engelhardt, Heinz. 2014. 100 Years of Chromatography. Wiley-VCH. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  19. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531.. 2026. "Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 82: 8525-8531. for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  20. Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography.". 2026. "Van Deemter, J. J., F. J. Zuiderweg, and A. Klinkenberg. 1956. "Longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer as causes of nonideality in chromatography." for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(56)80003-1. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  21. Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker.. 2026. "Giddings, J. Calvin. 1965. "Dynamics of Chromatography, Part I: Principles and Theory." Marcel Dekker. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  22. Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods.". 2026. "Poppe, Hans. 1997. "Some reflections on speed and efficiency of modern chromatographic methods." for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00376-2. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  23. Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations.". 2026. "Wu, Naijun, and Anton M. Clausen. 2007. "Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations." for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700026. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  24. Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC.". 2026. "Carr, Peter W.. 2009. "The new physical chemistry of HPLC." for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.094. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  25. Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory.". 2026. "Knox, John H.. 1977. "Practical aspects of LC theory." for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/15.9.352. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
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  27. Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley.. 2026. "Snyder, L. R., J. J. Kirkland, and J. L. Glajch. 1997. "Practical HPLC Method Development." Wiley. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
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  29. Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.. 2026. "Meyer, Veronika R.. 2010. "Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  30. Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography.". 2026. "Vivó-Truyols, Gabriel, and Hans-Gerd Janssen. 2010. "Probabilistic approach to peak deconvolution in chromatography." for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101742z. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  31. Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience.. 2026. "Sadek, Paul C.. 2002. "The HPLC Solvent Guide." Wiley-Interscience. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
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  33. Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH.. 2026. "Reichardt, Christian, and Thomas Welton. 2010. "Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry." Wiley-VCH. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  34. Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography.". 2026. "Vailaya, Anant, and Csaba Horváth. 1998. "Retention thermodynamics in hydrophobic interaction chromatography." for CAS 1310-73-2." https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980212h. (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
  35. Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley.. 2026. "Krstulović, Andrea M., and Phyllis R. Brown. 1981. "Reversed-phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Wiley. for CAS 1310-73-2." (Accessed 2026-06-12.)
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⚗️ Wzór szkieletowy 2D

Wodorotlenek sodu 1 kg Wodorotlenek sodu

Wodorotlenek sodu 1 kg — struktura chemiczna 2D (CAS 1310-73-2, wzór HNaO, masa 40.00 g/mol)
CAS 1310-73-2 · HNaO · 40.00 g/mol
⚗️ Wczytujemy informacje o substancji…

Opis

Charakterystyka

  • Wzór chemiczny: NaOH
  • Numer CAS: 1310-73-2
  • Masa molowa: 40,00 g/mol
  • Forma: granulki
  • Czystość: min. 97%
  • Inne nazwy: soda kaustyczna, sodu wodorotlenek, lye

Zastosowania

  • Czyszczenie rur – roztwór sodu kaustycznego rozpuszcza tłuszcze i resztki jedzenia. Wlej i poczekaj kilka minut.
  • Przygotowanie mydeł domowych – używany w reakcji z tłuszczami (zmydlanie). Wymaga ostrożności i dokładnych dawek.
  • Czyszczenie pieców i rusztów – roztwór usuwa węglowe naloty. Należy używać rękawic.
  • Laboratoryjne odczynniki – służy do regulacji pH roztworów i jako katalizator reakcji.
  • Przetwórstwo żywności (techniczne) – do obrobki powierzchni owoców i warzyw przed konserwacją (np. zdejmowanie skórki).

Specyfikacja

Paczka 1 kg w foliowej torebce z zatrzaskiem. Przechowuj w suchym miejscu, z dala od dzieci i kwasów. Temperatura magazynowania: od 5°C do 25°C. Unikaj wilgoci – łatwo się topi.

Najczęściej zadawane pytania

Czy wodorotlenek sodu można używać w kuchence mikrofalowej do czyszczenia?

Nie. Nie należy podgrzewać suchego NaOH w mikrofalówce. Może to spowodować niekontrolowane reakcje. Do czyszczenia kuchenki użyj rozcieńczonego roztworu, po wcześniejszym wyłączeniu i ostygnięciu urządzenia. Należy przewietrzyć pomieszczenie. Czy wiesz, że roztwór sodu kaustycznego może reagować z aluminium? Powstaje wodór – gaz palny.

Czy wodorotlenek sodu rozpuszcza się w wodzie i jak to działa?

Tak. NaOH bardzo dobrze rozpuszcza się w wodzie. Proces ten wydziela dużo ciepła. Powstaje silnie zasadowy roztwór. To ważne przy przygotowywaniu – zawsze dodawaj granulki do wody, a nie odwrotnie. Czy wiesz, że 10-procentowy roztwór ma pH około 14? To jedna z najmocniejszych zasad używanych w gospodarstwie domowym.

Jak się różni wodorotlenek sodu od sody oczyszczonej?

To zupełnie inne substancje. Sód kaustyczny (NaOH) to silna zasada, agresywna dla tkanin i skóry. Sodę oczyszczoną (Na₂CO₃) używa się do prania i czyszczenia. Ma słabszy działanie. Nie wydzielajcie ciepła podczas rozpuszczania. NaOH może spalić, jeśli nie zachować ostrożności.

Źródła i literatura

  • PubChem — National Library of Medicine: Kompletna baza właściwości fizykochemicznych tej substancji (CID 14793). Zawiera dane spektroskopowe, toksykologiczne i informacje o interakcjach. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  • Wikipedia PL: Przegląd zastosowań, metod produkcji i właściwości. pl.wikipedia.org
  • Karta charakterystyki (SDS): Według rozporządzenia REACH (WE) 1907/2006 — informacje o bezpieczeństwie, klasyfikacji GHS i oznaczeniu substancji.
  • Rozporządzenie CLP (WE) 1272/2008: Klasyfikacja, oznaczenie i pakowanie substancji chemicznych. H314: Powoduje ciężkie poparzenia skóry i uszkodzenia oczu. P280: Używaj rękawic ochronnych.
Karta charakterystyki chemicznej
Wzór chemiczny HNaO
Numer CAS 1310-73-2
Numer WE (EC) / EINECS 215-185-5
Numer UN (ADR) UN1823
Masa molowa 39.997 g/mol
Nazwa IUPAC (polska) wodorotlenek sodu
Nazwa IUPAC (angielska, PubChem) sodium hydroxide
Nazwy zwyczajowe (polskie) soda kaustyczna, ług sodowy, natron żrący
Nazwa łacińska (Farmakopea) Natrii hydroxidum
Synonimy (międzynarodowe, PubChem) SODIUM HYDROXIDE, Caustic soda, Sodium hydrate, Aetznatron, Soda lye, White caustic, Soda, caustic, Natriumhydroxid, Rohrputz, Plung
InChIKey HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI InChI=1S/Na.H2O/h;1H2/q+1;/p-1
SMILES (kanoniczny) [OH-].[Na+]
PubChem CID 14798
Wikidata QID Q102769
Nazwa polska (Wikidata) wodorotlenek sodu
Barwa White, orthogonal crystals
Zapach bezwonny
Gęstość 1.5 w temp. 20 °C – gęstość wyższa od wody (opada)
Temperatura topnienia 317.8 °C
Temperatura wrzenia > 130 °C w temp. 760 mmHg
Temperatura samozapłonu Not łatwopalny
Prężność par 0 mmHg (approx)
Rozpuszczalność 111 %
Współczynnik załamania Refractive index w temp. 589.4 nm: 1.433 w temp. 320 °C; 1.421 w temp. 420 °C
Lepkość 4.0 cP w temp. 350 °C
NFPA 704 (skala 0-4) Zdrowie: 3 | Ogień: 0 | Reaktywność: 1
⚠ 2 źródeł, 1 niezgodności (PubChem, Wikidata)
⚠ Wzór różni się: PubChem HNaO vs Wikidata NaOH
📚 Referencje — gdzie sprawdziliśmy te dane
  • ✓ PubChem (NIH/NLM) CID 14798 — zweryfikowano: Wzór, CAS, IUPAC, InChI, SMILES, masa molowa, GHS
  • ✓ Wikidata Q102769 — zweryfikowano: wzór, masa molowa, temp. wrzenia, temp. topnienia, gęstość, nazwa polska
  • ✓ CAS Common Chemistry CAS 1310-73-2 — zweryfikowano: oficjalny rejestr CAS Registry Number
  • ✓ NIST Chemistry WebBook CAS 1310-73-2 — zweryfikowano: termodynamika, spektroskopia (NIST USA)
  • ✓ Wikipedia (EN) CAS 1310-73-2 — zweryfikowano: kontekst, popularne nazwy
  • ✓ Wikipedia (PL) CAS 1310-73-2 — zweryfikowano: polskie nazewnictwo, kontekst krajowy
  • ✓ ChemSpider (RSC) CAS 1310-73-2 — zweryfikowano: Royal Society of Chemistry — struktura, syntezy
  • ✓ GESTIS Substance DB CAS 1310-73-2 — zweryfikowano: BHP, toksykologia (DGUV Niemcy)
  • ✓ ECHA REACH/CLP Inventory CAS 1310-73-2 — zweryfikowano: regulacja UE REACH/CLP, klasyfikacja
  • ✓ PubChem search CAS 1310-73-2 — zweryfikowano: wyszukiwanie alternatywne
  • ✓ ChEBI (EBI) HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M — zweryfikowano: ontologie biologiczne (EBI Wielka Brytania)
  • ✓ Farmakopea Polska XII Natrii hydroxidum — zweryfikowano: URPL — oficjalna farmakopea polska
  • ✓ GIS (Główny Inspektorat Sanitarny) regulacje krajowe — zweryfikowano: polskie przepisy sanitarne, REACH wdrożenie
Źródła danych: PubChem (National Library of Medicine, NIH), ECHA REACH/CLP Inventory. baza polskich nazw weryfikowana z Farmakopeą Polską XII i nomenklaturą Polskiego Towarzystwa Chemicznego (PTChem). klasyfikacja chemiczna zgodna z rozporządzeniem CLP (WE) nr 1272/2008 oraz REACH (WE) nr 1907/2006 i systemem GHS ONZ. Wartości eksperymentalne (temperatury, gęstość, rozpuszczalność) pochodzą z badań literaturowych i mogą się różnić w zależności od warunków pomiarowych. Przed użyciem zawsze należy zapoznać się z aktualną kartą charakterystyki substancji (SDS/MSDS) dostarczoną przez producenta.

⚠ UWAGA — ODCZYNNIK CHEMICZNY

Wodorotlenek sodu do czyszczenia rur i zastosowań technicznych (HNaO) powszechnie znana jako soda kaustyczna, ług sodowy, natron żrący to odczynnik chemiczny przeznaczony wyłącznie do zastosowań laboratoryjnych, badawczych i profesjonalnych.
Numer CAS: 1310-73-2
Numer WE (EC): 215-185-5
Numer UN (ADR): UN1823
Nazwa IUPAC: wodorotlenek sodu
Nazwa łacińska (Farmakopea): Natrii hydroxidum

NIE NADAJE SIĘ DO SPOŻYCIA przez ludzi ani zwierzęta. Produkt nie jest lekiem, suplementem diety, kosmetykiem ani środkiem spożywczym. Jakiekolwiek inne zastosowanie niż laboratoryjne lub przemysłowe jest niezgodne z przeznaczeniem produktu.

Wymagane środki ochrony osobistej: rękawice ochronne, okulary lub gogle, fartuch laboratoryjny, praca w dobrze wentylowanym pomieszczeniu lub pod wyciągiem chemicznym.

Przed użyciem zapoznaj się z kartą charakterystyki substancji (SDS/MSDS) zgodnie z rozporządzeniem REACH (WE) 1907/2006 oraz CLP (WE) 1272/2008. Sprzedaż wyłącznie do celów technicznych.

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Bibliografia (rozszerzona) (74)

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Dane zweryfikowaneŹródło: PubChem (NIH)